Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
Stefanie Warnat-Herresthal, Kristian Händler, Lorenzo Bonaguro, Jonas Schulte-Schrepping, Elena De Domenico, Michael Kraut, Anna Drews, Melanie Nuesch-Germano, Heidi Theis, Anna C. Aschenbrenner, Thomas Ulas, Matthias Becker & Joachim L. Schultze
Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Stefanie Warnat-Herresthal, Lorenzo Bonaguro, Jonas Schulte-Schrepping, Melanie Nuesch-Germano, Anna C. Aschenbrenner, Thomas Ulas, Mariam L. Sharaf & Joachim L. Schultze
Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Houston, TX, USA
Hartmut Schultze, Krishnaprasad Lingadahalli Shastry, Sathyanarayanan Manamohan, Saikat Mukherjee, Vishesh Garg, Ravi Sarveswara, Christian Siever, Milind Desai, Bruno Monnet, Charles Martin Siegel, Sorin Cheran, Michael S. Woodacre & Eng Lim Goh
Mesh Dynamics, Bangalore, India
Vishesh Garg
PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Kristian Händler, Elena De Domenico, Michael Kraut, Anna Drews, Heidi Theis, Anna C. Aschenbrenner, Matthias Becker & Joachim L. Schultze
Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Peter Pickkers & Matthijs Kox
Population Health Sciences, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
N. Ahmad Aziz & Monique M. B. Breteler
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
N. Ahmad Aziz
4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
Sofia Ktena, Maria Saridaki & Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis
Department of Internal Medicine I, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
Florian Tran & Stefan Schreiber
Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
Florian Tran, Neha Mishra, Joana P. Bernardes, Philip Rosenstiel & Sören Franzenburg
Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Michael Bitzer & Siri Göpel
Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Stephan Ossowski, Nicolas Casadei, Olaf Rieß, Daniela Bezdan & Yogesh Singh
NGS Competence Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Stephan Ossowski, Nicolas Casadei, Olaf Rieß, Angel Angelov, Daniela Bezdan, Julia-Stefanie Frick, Gisela Gabernet, Marie Gauder, Janina Geißert, Sven Nahnsen, Silke Peter, Yogesh Singh & Michael Sonnabend
Department of Internal Medicine V, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
Christian Herr & Robert Bals
Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
Daniel Petersheim, Sarah Kim-Hellmuth & Christoph Klein
Children’s Hospital, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
Uta Behrends
Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
Fabian Kern, Tobias Fehlmann & Andreas Keller
Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Philipp Schommers, Clara Lehmann, Max Augustin & Jan Rybniker
Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Clara Lehmann, Max Augustin & Jan Rybniker
German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Clara Lehmann, Max Augustin, Jan Rybniker & Janne Vehreschild
Cologne Center for Genomics, West German Genome Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Janine Altmüller & Peter Nürnberg
Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Borstel, Germany
Benjamin Krämer, Jan Heyckendorf & Adam Grundhoff
Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Jacob Nattermann
German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
Jacob Nattermann
Department of Internal Medicine II – Cardiology/Pneumology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Dirk Skowasch
Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Thomas Eggermann & Ingo Kurth
Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Andreas Keller
Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Mihai G. Netea & Anna C. Aschenbrenner
Immunology & Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Mihai G. Netea
Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
Fabian Theis & Maria Colome-Tatche
Statistics and Machine Learning, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
Sach Mukherjee
CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbrücken, Germany
Michael Backes
Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Monique M. B. Breteler
Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Paul Balfanz
Institute of Pathology & Department of Nephrology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Peter Boor
Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Ralf Hausmann
Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Hannah Kuhn
Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Susanne Isfort
Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Julia Carolin Stingl & Günther Schmalzing
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Christiane K. Kuhl
Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Rainer Röhrig
Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Gernot Marx
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Stefan Uhlig
Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Edgar Dahl
RWTH centralized Biomaterial Bank (RWTH cBMB) of the Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Edgar Dahl
Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Dirk Müller-Wieland & Nikolaus Marx
Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Michael Dreher
Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Angel Angelov, Julia-Stefanie Frick, Janina Geißert, Silke Peter & Michael Sonnabend
Geomicrobiology, German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany
Alexander Bartholomäus
LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
Anke Becker
Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Daniela Bezdan, Tina Ganzenmueller, Thomas Iftner & Angelika Iftner
Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
Conny Blumert, Friedemann Horn & Kristin Reiche
Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
Ezio Bonifacio
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
Peer Bork, Jan Korbel & Oliver Stegle
DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Leibniz Institute, Braunschweig, Germany
Bunk Boyke & Jörg Overmann
Gene Center – Functional Genomics Analysis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
Helmut Blum
Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Germany
Thomas Clavel
European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Maria Colome-Tatche
TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
Maria Colome-Tatche
Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
Markus Cornberg & Isabell Pink
Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), Hannover, Germany
Markus Cornberg
German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
Markus Cornberg
Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
Inti Alberto De La Rosa Velázquez
Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsimmunologie, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Andreas Diefenbach
Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Alexander Dilthey & Klaus Pfeffer
Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
Nicole Fischer
German Information Centre for Life Sciences (ZB MED), Cologne, Germany
Konrad Förstner
Quantitative Biology Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Gisela Gabernet, Marie Gauder & Sven Nahnsen
Informatik 29 – Computational Molecular Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
Julien Gagneur & Christian Mertes
Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Alexander Goesmann
Leibniz Institut für Experimentelle Virologie, Hamburg, Germany
Adam Grundhoff
Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Hajo Grundmann
Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Torsten Hain
Krankenhaushygiene und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
Frank Hanses & Wulf Schneider
Zentrum für Humangenetik Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
Ute Hehr
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
André Heimbach, Kerstin U. Ludwig & Markus Nöthen
Klinik für Pneumonologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
Marius Hoeper
Computational Oncology, Molecular Diagnostics Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Daniel Hübschmann
Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM), Heidelberg, Germany
Daniel Hübschmann
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
Daniel Hübschmann
Institute for Pathology, Molecular Pathology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Michael Hummel
German Biobank Node (bbmri.de), Berlin, Germany
Michael Hummel
Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover Unified Biobank and Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover, Germany
Thomas Illig & Sonja Volland
Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Stefan Janssen
Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
Jörn Kalinowski, Alfred Pühler & Alexander Sczyrba
Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
René Kallies & Ulisses Nunes da Rocha
Algorithmische Bioinformatik, RCI Regensburger Centrum für Interventionelle Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
Birte Kehr
Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
Oliver T. Keppler & Maximilian Münchhoff
German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, München, Germany
Oliver T. Keppler & Maximilian Münchhoff
Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Michael Knop
Cell Morphogenesis and Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Michael Knop
Applied Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Oliver Kohlbacher
Translational Bioinformatics, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Oliver Kohlbacher
Genomics & Transcriptomics Labor (GTL), Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Karl Köhrer
Medical Clinic Internal Medicine VII, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Peter G. Kremsner
Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
Denise Kühnert
Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
Markus Landthaler & Nikolaus Rajewsky
Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM) & TWINCORE, joint ventures between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
Yang Li
Institute for Infection Medicine and Hospital Hygiene (IIMK), Uniklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
Oliwia Makarewicz
Michael Stifel Center Jena, Jena, Germany
Manja Marz
Bioinformatics/High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
Manja Marz
Computational Biology for Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Brunswick, Germany
Alice C. McHardy
Institute for Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Francine Ntoumi & Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan
Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) TU Dresden, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Dresden, Germany
Anna R. Poetsch
Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Ulrike Protzer
Institute of Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Markus Ralser
Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Stephan Ripke
Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany
Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba & Jörg Vogel
Department of Internal Medicine with emphasis on Infectiology, Respiratory-, and Critical-Care-Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Leif Erik Sander
Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Birgit Sawitzki
Institute of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
Simone Scheithauer
Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Philipp Schiffer
Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Jonathan Schmid-Burgk
Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie and Institut für Psychiatrische Phänomik und Genomik, LMU München, Munich, Germany
Eva-Christina Schulte
Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Oliver Stegle
Genome Informatics, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
Jens Stoye
Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Janne Vehreschild
University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Janne Vehreschild
Institute for Bioinformatics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Max von Kleist
Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
Max von Kleist
Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Andreas Walker
Genetics and Epigenetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
Jörn Walter
Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Dagmar Wieczorek
Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany and DRESDEN concept Genome Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Sylke Winkler
Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
John Ziebuhr
The idea was conceived by H.S., K.L.S., E.L.G., and J.L.S. Subprojects and clinical studies were directed by H.S., K.L.S., K.H., M. Bitzer, J.R., S.K.-H., J.N., I.K., A.K., R.B., P.N., O.R., P.R., M.M.B.B., M. Becker, and J.L.S. The conceptualization was performed by S.W.-H., H.S., K.L.S., M. Becker, S.C., M.S.W., E.L.G., and J.L.S. Direction of the clinical programs, collection of clinical information and patient diagnostics were done by P.P., N.A.A., S.K., F.T., M. Bitzer, C.H., D.P., U.B., F.K., T.F., P.S., C.L., M.A., J.R., B.K., M.S., J.H., S.S., S.K.-H., J.N., D.S., I.K., A.K., R.B., M.G.N., M.M.B.B., E.J.G.-B, and M.K. Patient samples were provided by P.P., N.A.A., S.K., F.T., M. Bitzer, S.O., N.C., C.H., D.P., U.B., F.K., T.F., P.S, C.L., M.A., J.R., B.K., M.S., J.H., S.S., S.K.-H., J.N., D.S., I.K., A.K., R.B., M.G.N., M.M.B.B., E.J.G.-B, and M.K. Laboratory experiments were performed by K.H., S.O., N.C., J.A., L.B., J.S.-S., E.D.D., M.K., and H.T. Primary data analysis and data QC were provided by S.W.-H., K.H., S.O., N.C., J.A., N.M., J.P.B., L.B., J.S.-S., E.D.D., M.N.-G., A.K., P.N., O.R., P.R., T.U., M. Becker, and J.L.S. Programming and coding for the current project were done by S.W.-H., Saikat Mukherjee, V.G., R.S., C.S., M.D., C.M.S., and M. Becker. The Swarm Learning environment was developed by S. Manamohan, Saikat Mukherjee, V.G., R.S., M.D., B.M., S.C., M.S.W., and E.L.G. Statistics and machine learning were done by S.W.-H., Saikat Mukherjee, V.G., R.S., M.D., F.T., Sach Mukherjee, S.C., E.L.G., and J.L.S. Data privacy and confidentiality concepts were developed by H.S., K.L.S., M. Backes, E.L.G., and J.L.S. Data interpretation was done by S.W.-H., H.S., Saikat Mukherjee, A.C.A., M. Becker, and J.L.S. Data were visualized by S.W.-H., H.S., M. Becker, and J.L.S. The original draft was written by S.W.-H., H.S., K.L.S., A.C.A., M. Becker, and J.L.S. Writing, reviewing and editing of revisions was done by S.W.-H., H.S., K.L.S., A.C.A., M.M.B.B., M. Becker, E.L.G., and J.L.S. Project management and administration were performed by H.S., K.L.S., A.D., A.C.A., M. Becker, and J.L.S. Funding was acquired by H.S., S.K., D.P., M.A., J.R., S.K.-H., J.N., A.K., R.B., P.N., O.R., P.R., M.G.N., F.T., E.J.G.-B, M.B., S.C., and J.L.S. All authors commented on the manuscript.
